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- <text id=94TT1019>
- <title>
- Aug. 01, 1994: Economy:Gimme Capital!
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1994
- Aug. 01, 1994 This is the beginning...:Rwanda/Zaire
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- THE ECONOMY, Page 46
- Gimme Capital!
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> With the world growing hungry for cash, consumers may be destined
- for years of high interest rates
- </p>
- <p>By John Greenwald--Reported by Bernard Baumohl/New York
- </p>
- <p> If capitalism has triumphed around the world, where will all
- the capital come from? That question is the latest to embroil
- the quarrelsome community of economists, raising fears that
- the victory could lead to a shortage of funds that will slow
- growth in the U.S. and abroad. With so many countries hungry
- for capital, say these experts, the demand will drive interest
- rates up. The increases in turn could choke off investments
- for new homes, plants and machinery. "This is the first time
- since the outbreak of World War I that every nation on this
- planet has a capitalist economic system or a market-oriented
- economy either in place or about to happen," says David Hale,
- a senior economist for Kemper Financial Services. "But because
- of that we'll probably have much higher interest rates over
- the next two or three years."
- </p>
- <p> The Hale view has a potential ally in Federal Reserve Chairman
- Alan Greenspan, who last week hinted that he would soon raise
- short-term interest rates for the fifth time this year. In this
- instance, he blamed again the incipient presence of inflation.
- But Greenspan also sees a more global context for the pressure
- on rates. "If you get a significant increase for demand for
- capital in the world, real interest rates will tend to rise
- if the savings are not forthcoming to offset that," he told
- Congress in June.
- </p>
- <p> To be sure, many respected economists flatly deny that any capital
- crunch is looming. Robert Eisner of Northwestern University
- argues that economic growth around the world will raise people's
- incomes and thereby provide the savings to finance new investments
- without jacking up interest rates. "Greater output means greater
- income, and that means greater savings," he says.
- </p>
- <p> However, those who fret about a shortage say interest rates
- already seem to be rising faster than economic conditions would
- demand. Such economists note that so far in 1994, long-term
- rates--those that companies pay to finance new plants or that
- apply to home mortgages--have jumped as much as 2 percentage
- points in the U.S. and other industrial countries. That kind
- of spurt normally reflects lenders' fears of inflation, but
- inflation has been dormant all year, thanks at least partly
- to the Federal Reserve's vigilance. "What's going on with interest
- rates is more a scarcity of credit than a big rise in inflation
- expectations," maintains Roger Brinner, chief economist for
- the consulting firm DRI.
- </p>
- <p> This scarcity is partly due to the disappearance of lenders
- who were among the largest providers of capital to the world
- during the 1980s. One of these is Germany: unification has required
- it to borrow tens of billions of dollars abroad to rebuild its
- eastern sector. In Japan a severe recession and the collapse
- of the country's financial markets have forced banks and companies
- to all but halt new overseas investments. And oil-rich Arab
- states like Saudi Arabia, which once exported capital, are borrowing
- heavily to finance arms purchases in the wake of the Gulf War.
- </p>
- <p> Growing competition for funds would naturally produce winners
- and losers. Experts say many of the likely winners would be
- in the Pacific Rim and Latin America, where rapid growth enables
- companies to pay higher rates of return than the U.S. or Europe
- can offer. Argentina's stock market rose 53% in 1993, for example,
- while Brazil's more than doubled in value. (By contrast, the
- Dow Jones industrial average gained just 14%.) Eastern Europe
- should also remain a magnet. In Poland the index of stocks on
- the country's fledgling exchange ballooned more than 700% last
- year. "I see the developing countries pulling in capital for
- a long time to come," says Robert Hormats, vice chairman of
- Goldman Sachs International. "The rates of return are going
- to be the highest because these countries are starting off from
- a low base."
- </p>
- <p> As for possible losers, the U.S. and Europe seem to rank high
- among likely candidates. The U.S. is already the world's biggest
- debtor, and its low rate of savings and large budget and trade
- deficits will continue to make it a heavy borrower. U.S. companies
- could find themselves paying painfully high rates that discourage
- investment. "It will mean we will be building fewer houses and
- fewer cars," says Danny Bachman, a senior economist for the
- WEFA consulting group. If he and like-minded economists are
- right, the triumph of capitalism could condemn the richest and
- most powerful capitalist nation to a creaky standard of living.
- </p>
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
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